International Relations Notes for UPSC

India and its neighbourhood, groupings, treaties and global institutions.

African Development Bank(AfDB): Socio-Economic Growth, & Regional Integration in AfricaBasics and Backgrounds – Mission, Leadership, and Impact on Socio-Economic Development in Africa. African Development Bank is a multilateral development finance institution.
APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Global Coverage, Economic Trade & Member NationIn 1994, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders committed to achieving the ‘Bogor Goals’ of free and open trade and investment by 2020 through reducing trade barriers in the region and promoting the free flow of goods, services and capital among Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation economies. Since then, members have
Arctic Council: Conservation, Sustainable Development in the Polar RegionArctic Council: Formation and Purpose The Arctic Council Is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.
ASEAN: Evolution, Objectives, India’s Engagement, & Regional ChallengesASEAN was established in 1967 by five Southeast Asian nations to promote peace, stability, and economic growth in the region. Its main objectives include regional cooperation, accelerating development, and addressing shared challenges like security and trade.
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): Goals, Structure, and India’s RoleAIIB: Multilateral Development for Asian Prosperity The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia.
BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIESS.
BIMSTEC- Objectives, Member Nations, and Strategic Initiatives ExploredBIMSTEC Overview The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) was established in the 1997 Bangkok Declaration with a secretariat in Dhaka. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity.
Bretton Woods Conference: Goal, Achievement, Shaping Global Finance, IMF, World BankWithin the Final Act, the most important part in the eyes of the conference participants and for the later operation of the world economy was the IMF agreement.
BRICS: Global Dynamics, Economic Cooperation, & Institutional ReformsIt is a non-binding umbrella agreement which would serve as an enabler to enter into bilateral agreements with member banks subject to national laws, regulations and internal policies of the signatories.
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) – Full Form, Feature & ClassificationsCITES: Safeguarding Endangered Fauna and Flora CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals.
Commonwealth of Nations: Shared Values, Meetings, and Global InitiativesShared Values, Meetings, and Global Initiatives Commonwealth of Nations: A Historical Overview and Shared Values The Commonwealth of Nations, at one time known as the British Commonwealth, is an organisation of 54 states that were principally below the colonial rule of the British Government.
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)To prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about the Double Tax Avoidance Agreement (DTAA).
European Union (EU): Member State, Uniting Nations for Peace, Prosperity & PartnershipEasing of Bilateral Relations in terms of trade and commerce: India sees the British exit as an opportunity to expand its trade and economic relations with the UK. This will pave a way for signing of bilateral free trade agreements between India and UK on the lines of Model Bilateral Agreements.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF): Objectives, Combating Money Laundering & Black Money, and Terrorism FinancingFinancial Action Task Force (FATF): Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental decision-making body.
G20: International Forum, Objectives, Structure, & Role in Global AffairsThe G20 focuses on a broad agenda of issues of global importance, although, issues pertaining to the global economy dominate the agenda, additional items have become more important in recent years, like
G4 Countries: Key issues, UNSC reform, concerns, Coffee Club dynamicsG4 Countries Overview The Big Four, also known as G4 Countries, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.
G7 Countries: Origin, Objective, Members & other FactsG7 Countries Origin The Group brings together eight major industrial economies of the world for consultation and policy coordination at the highest level.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Formation, Structure, and Regional DynamicsGulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Formation The Kuwait government formulated a proposal for an organisation to link the six Arabian Gulf States which have special cultural and historical ties.
Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC)To prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about the Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC).
India Canada Relations: Ties, Bilateral Engagements & ChallengesTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India Canada Bilateral Relations.
India Germany: Bilateral Relations, Strategic Partnership, and Future CollaborationsTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India Germany Bilateral Relations.
India Japan Relation: Bilateral Ties, Economic Cooperation, and Strategic AlliancesTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India Japan Relations.
India-Australia Relations: Strategic Partnership And Bilateral DynamicsTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-Australia Bilateral Relations.
INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA): Fostering Global Cooperation Among DemocraciesINDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA) IBSA – A Trilateral Forum of Democracies IBSA is a unique Forum which was formalized by the Brasilia Declaration of 6 June 2003 and brings together India, Brazil and South Africa, three large democracies and major economies from three different continents, facing sim
India-France: Strengthening Bilateral Ties through Strategic PartnershipTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-France Bilateral Relations.
India-Israel Relations: Complexities, Challenges, and Collaborations in DiplomacyTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-Israel Relations.
India-Italy Relations: Strengthening Ties Across Trade, Culture, and SecurityTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-Italy Relations.
India-Russia Relations: Strengthening Ties in Politics, Trade, Defence, and BeyondTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-Russia Relations.
India-UK Relations: Navigating Bilateral Ties and Brexit ChallengesTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about the India-UK Relations.
India-US Relations: Bilateral Ties, Trade, Defense, and Future ProspectsTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Here we will study about India-US Relations.
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): Objectives, Structure & Regional DynamicsIndian Ocean Rim Association faces several obstacles that prevent it from growing into a highly successful and influential regional organization; these issues range from structural deficiencies to geopolitical conflicts existing outside IORA that permeate the organization and prevent cooperation.
International Court of Justice (ICJ): Establishment, Role & Functions, and SignificanceInternational Court of Justice (ICJ): Establishment and Evolution of Modern International Arbitration The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
International Criminal Court (ICC): Structure, Jurisdiction, and Global Implications for JusticeIndia did not signed the Rome Statute, and thus, is not a member of International Criminal Court because of following reasons:
International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL): Definition, Jurisdiction, Global Police Cooperation and Crime ControlThe Interpol facilitates information exchange, knowledge sharing and research between nations by issuing colour-coded ‘notices’ in four languages – English, Spanish, French, and Arabic.
International Labour Organisation (ILO): Treaty, Decades of Commitment, Achievements, and InitiativesInternational Labour Organisation (ILO) Origins and Role It is the only tripartite United Nations agency, bringing together governments, employers and workers representatives from its 187 member states to devise international labour standards.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Origin, Functions, Quotas, SDRs, India’s RoleInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and its Origin at Bretton Woods The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 member countries, each of which has representation on the IMF’s executive board in proportion to its financial importance, so that the most powerful countries… Continue r
International OrganizationsS. No.
International Solar Alliance (ISA)ISA would also launch the ISA Journal on Solar Energy (I JOSE) that would help authors from across the globe to publish their articles on solar energy, during the event.
IUCN: Safeguarding Biodiversity – Mission, Threatened Species, and Conservation InitiativesIUCN: Origins and Evolution The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was founded in October 1948 as the International Union for the Protection of Nature (or IUPN) following an international conference in Fontainebleau, France.
New Development Bank (NDB): Growth, Cooperation, & Sustainable Development Among BRICS NationsNew Development Bank (NDB) Formation and Structure New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).
Non Alignment Movement (NAM): Principles, Evolution, and Global RelevanceThe principles of NAM was largely guided by Panchsheel principles, some of them are:
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)To prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)To prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about the Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG).
Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Objectives, Oil Pricing Policies & Global ImpactThe Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, Intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference held in Iraq in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Background, Objectives, Member StatesThe objectives of the OECD include fostering economic development and cooperation and fighting poverty through the promotion of economic stability.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Safeguarding Muslim InterestsOrganization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Safeguarding Muslim World’s Interests Organization of Islamic Cooperation is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states.
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPS. No.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Objectives, Challenges & India’s Strategic EngagementRegional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) of SCO is a permanent body based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The objective of RATS is based upon the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism.
South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP): Objectives, GovernanceSACEP: Promoting Environmental Cooperation in South Asia South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme is an intergovernmental organization. It is headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Origins, Achievements, And SAFTASouth Asian Association For Regional Cooperation has established new institutions such as SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO), South Asian University (SAU), SAARC Development Fund (SDF) Secretariat and SAARC Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) which have mandates and structures different from the Regional Centers.
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD): Objectives, TargetsTo achieve the above mention goals United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity follow certain Targets and Protocols as follows
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)To prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC): Evolution, Full Form & InitiativeThe classifications of countries that are signatories to UNFCCC are given in the table below:
United Nations: Member State, Mission, Organs and Specialized AgenciesArticles 57 and 63 of the United Nations (UN) Charter provides provision of creating specialized agencies.
UNSC Reform: India’s Demand, Geopolitical Realities, and Challenges AheadUnder the plan, the UNSC would have five new permanent members without veto powers, besides four more non-permanent members taking the council’s strength to 24.
Wassenaar ArrangementTo prepare for INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know AGREEMENTS. Here we will study about Wassenaar Arrangement.
World BankInitiatives, Impact, and Critique of Global Development Efforts World Bank Initiatives in Social Development World Bank (WB) is one of the five institutions created at Bretton woods in 1944, of which India was a founding member.
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)Origins, Functions, and Global Impact WIPO Origins and Functions WIPO is one of the oldest specialised agencies of the United Nations (UN). WIPO was created in 1967 “to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world”.
World Trade Organisation (WTO): Member State, Achievement, Challenges, Dispute Settlement, & Future DirectionsThe Nairobi Package was adopted by the WTO that delivered beneficial commitments to WTO’s poorest members.

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